加拿大成为美国最大能源进口来源国

据全球能源新闻网6月6日报道，根据美国能源信息署EIA数据显示，加拿大是美国最大的能源进口来源国，也是美国能源出口的第二大目的地，仅次于墨西哥。能源是加拿大和美国贸易的重要组成部分。根据美国人口普查局最新的年度标准国际贸易分类(SITC)数据显示，2019年，能源占美国从加拿大进口总额的27%，为850亿美元。原油和石油产品占美国从加拿大进口能源价值的91%，占美国向加拿大出口能源价值的89%。

2019年，美国向加拿大出口了价值230亿美元的原油、石油产品、天然气和电力，约占美国对加拿大出口总额的8%，为2014年达到峰值后的第二高水平。

2019年，美国从加拿大进口的原油占美国原油进口总量的56%，日均380万桶，高于2018年的370万桶。2019年，美国出口加拿大原油日出口量45.9万桶，加拿大仍是美国原油出口的最大目的地。美国出口到加拿大的原油通常是轻质、低硫的，运往加拿大东部地区。美国从加拿大进口的原油大多来自阿尔伯塔省(加拿大西部)的油砂，大部分出口到美国中西部的炼油厂。美国从加拿大进口的原油大多是重质，来自阿尔伯塔省(加拿大西部)的油砂，大部分出口到美国中西部的炼油厂。

由于加拿大的管道运输有时无法满足加拿大日益增长的原油产量，因此通过铁路进行原油贸易变得更具吸引力。因此，美国通过铁路从加拿大进口的原油从2016年的日均9.1万桶增加到2019年的日均30万桶，增长了两倍多。通过铁路进口的原油有一半以上(17.1万桶/天)流向了美国墨西哥湾沿岸地区。

美国和加拿大之间的石油产品贸易在数量和价值上是相对平衡的。加拿大是美国石油和成品油进口的最大来源国。2019年，美国从加拿大进口了创纪录的61万桶/天的石油产品，占去年美国石油产品进口总量的26%。这些进口总值超过140亿美元。

美国和加拿大之间的天然气贸易以管道运输为主，2019年管道运输占美国天然气进口总量的98%。从历史上看，美国进口的天然气多于通过管道出口到加拿大的天然气。2019年美国从加拿大进口的天然气日进口总量为74亿立方英尺，价值60亿美元。美国从加拿大进口的大部分天然气原产于加拿大西部，然后运往美国西部和中西部地区市场。美国出口到加拿大的天然气主要运往加拿大东部省份。

电力在美国加那大能源贸易中所占的份额很小，但在当地却很重要。 两国的电力系统是完全互连的市场，他们共享30多条主要的跨境电力传输线，这也为电力系统的可靠性提供了支持。2019年，美国从加拿大进口了5200万兆瓦时（MWh）的电力，并向加拿大出口了1400万兆瓦时（MWh）。太平洋西北地区是向加拿大出口电力的主要来源，大多数从加拿大进口到美国的电力都流向东北部各州。

郝芬 译自 全球能源新闻网

原文如下：

CANADA IS TODAY THE LARGEST SOURCE OF US ENERGY EXPORTS

According to the EIA (US Energy Administration Agency) Canada is the largest source of U.S. energy imports and the second-largest destination for U.S. energy exports behind only Mexico. Energy is an important component of trade between Canada and the United States. In 2019, based on the latest annual Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) data from the U.S. Census Bureau, energy accounted for US $85 billion, or 27%, of the value of all U.S. imports from Canada. Crude oil and petroleum products accounted for 91% of the value of U.S. energy imports from Canada and 89% of the value of U.S. energy exports to Canada.

The United States exported US $23 billion worth of crude oil, petroleum products, natural gas, and electricity to Canada in 2019, about 8% of the value of all U.S. exports to Canada and the second-highest level recorded after peaking in 2014.

U.S. crude oil imports from Canada accounted for 56% of all crude oil imports to the United States in 2019, averaging 3.8 million barrels per day (b/d)—up from 3.7 million b/d in 2018. In 2019, the United States exported 459,000 b/d of crude oil to Canada, which remained the largest destination for U.S. crude oil exports. U.S. crude oil exports to Canada are typically light, sweet grades that are shipped to the eastern part of the country. U.S. crude oil imports from Canada tend to be heavy and are sourced from oil sands in Alberta (Western Canada), and most of these exports flow to U.S. Midwest refineries.

Crude oil trade by rail has become more attractive because pipeline capacity in Canada has at times been insufficient to accommodate Canada’s growing crude oil production. Consequently, U.S. imports of Canada’s crude oil by rail have more than tripled from an average of 91,000 b/d in 2016 to an average of 300,000 b/d in 2019. More than half of the crude oil volume imported by rail (171,000 b/d) went to the U.S. Gulf Coast region.

Petroleum product trade between the United States and Canada is relatively balanced in both volume and value. Canada is the largest source of U.S. petroleum and refined products imports. In 2019, the United States imported a record 610,000 b/d of petroleum products from Canada, or 26% of all U.S. petroleum product imports last year. These imports were valued at more than US $14 billion.

Natural gas trade between the United States and Canada is dominated by pipeline shipments, which accounted for 98% of all U.S. natural gas imports in 2019. Historically, the United States has imported more natural gas than it has exported by pipeline to Canada. Natural gas imports from Canada in 2019 totaled 7.4 billion cubic feet per day (Bcf/d) and were valued at US $6 billion in 2019. Most of the natural gas the United States imported from Canada originated in Western Canada and was shipped to U.S. markets in the West and Midwest regions. U.S. natural gas exports to Canada mainly go into the eastern provinces of Canada.

Electricity accounts for a small—but locally important—share of U.S.-Canada energy trade. The electricity systems of both countries are fully interconnected markets, and they share more than 30 major cross-border electric transmission lines, which also supports electric system reliability. In 2019, the United States imported 52 million megawatthours (MWh) of electricity from Canada and exported 14 million megawatthours (MWh) to Canada. The Pacific Northwest is a primary source of electricity exports to Canada and most electricity imported into the United States from Canada goes to states in the Northeast.